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Lightning emits short bits of impulsive radiation which can observed be at global distances from the source since they are guided by the Earth-ionosphere waveguide. These correspond to the “click” and “tweek” sounds in the audio sample. What is ELF/VLF Research? ELF/VLF stands for Extremely Low Frequency and Very Low Frequency, and refers to the range 300 Hz elf slots casino sister sites to 30 kHz. There are also a set of short horizontal lines between 10 and 15 kHz. On our planet, the most potent source of ELF/VLF waves is lightning, so a lot of what we do comes down to studying lightning and its various impacts on our Earth’s environment, elf slots casino sister sites detectable even in Antarctica. The solid horizontal lines between 18 and 30 kHz are VLF transmitter signals, although they are too high in frequency to hear in the audio. These transmitter signals are nominally used for communications. The top right panel shows a zoom-in of a transmitter called NWC, in Australia, which is clearly detected at Stanford, and the communication signal can be seen as up and down modulation of the frequency. However, these transmitter signals act as a diagnostic of the lower ionosphere, since their propagation to long distances is dependent on ionospheric reflection. The bottom right panels shows an example of two of these VLF transmitters tracked at Stanford for a 3-day period.