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Early ELF/VLF researchers would simply play the signal received by an antenna straight through a speaker. Hence, we can listen to the data stream as if it were audio. Here’s a selected segment of data taken from Stanford, California. In this file, listen for three distinct types of sounds. The first and most prevalent is a series of clicks and pops. These signals, called “radio atmospherics” are short bursts of radiation originating from lightning strikes, which could be anywhere in the world. Most of the VLF/ELF energy released by lightning is trapped between the Earth and ionosphere, and thus can travel around the world. The second type signal you’ll hear is a falling pitch, lasting a couple seconds, known for this reason as a “whistler”. Whistlers are also comprised of energy released from lightning, except instead of propagating directly, these signals actually escape the atmosphere entirely, propagate along magnetic field lines and within the radiation belts (causing different frequencies to travel at different speeds), and land at the other end, where they reenter the atmosphere. In fact, as Stanford researchers pioneered in the 1970s, injection of VLF signals into the magnetosphere can lead to a variety of physical phenomenon in the magnetosphere, when these waves interact with radiation belt particles. Read more about the Siple Station experiment whose data are still being analyzed even 35 years later! Nature itself also spontaneously creates some ELF/VLF energy in the magnetosphere, like chorus waves (again named for its sound if played as an audio file, resembling a chorus of birds). The third and final noise is a VERY high pitched tone (you may have trouble hearing it, but it is there). You’ll notice a pattern to it – 1,2,3, pause,1,2,3, pause… These are the `Alpha’ navigation beacons operated in Russia, and are an example of a VLF transmitter, which can be used to remotely sense disturbances in the ionosphere. Another way of presenting VLF data is in the form of a spectrogram, and here is an example of the same data in this form: The data are divided up into small time segments, in this case 10 ms long. Because ELF/VLF waves are elf slots casino sister sites guided by both the Earth and the ionosphere, you can send signals around the planet.